Childhood Disorders

Prevalence of childhood disorders

1. Alot of Stressors
2. Highly resilient
3. One stable competant healthy adult is enough for resilience
4. Alot develope who don’t have stressors
5. Temperament -> worse temperament leads to worse environment
6. Developmental psychopathology
   1. Need to be considered within development of children
   2. Echolalia -> repeating words, normal, not a symptom

ADHD

1. Its annoying so it gets more attention (squeeky wheel)
2. Socialization/Normal development (delayed response)
3. 6 or more for 6 months
   1. Inattention -> trouble with details, or playing a game, inattentive symptoms, trouble organizing activies, loses things, easily distracted
   2. Hyperactivity -> figiting, scwerming, trouble with leasure activities, excessive talking
   3. Impulsivity -> blurting out answers, interrupting, trouble waiting your turn
4. In two or more settings
5. Three subtypes
   1. Combined -> areas go together (most common)
   2. Predominant Inattentive
   3. Predominately H-Im
6. Poor peer relationships
7. Popularity
   1. Media (actual prevelance 1-7%)
   2. Cross cultural, but US gives out the most (with other countries on the rise)
   3. Gender differences (3:1, boys)
   4. Girls tend to have inattentive subtype
   5. Comorbidity
   6. Inaddtentive more tolerated in Girls, but impulsivity tolerated less
   7. Male brains develope slower
8. Prognosis
   1. Tend to grow out of
   2. Tend to lead to antisocial, substance abuse, marital problems, legal problems, traffic tickets
9. Causal Factors
   1. Brain damage? probably not (people with tend not to have damage, and people damaged tend not to have adhd)
   2. Can’t just look at the brain and figure it out
   3. However, tend to have differences in frontal lobe, basel ganglia and corpus column
   4. Immaturity Hypothesis -> Immaturity of the brain
      1. Adult adhd is contraversial
   5. Prenatal -> oxigen to brain, mothers who drink, smoke or do drugs
   6. Diet? Probably not
   7. Genetics (tend to run in families)
   8. Also common in families with big disruption -> move, divorce, death in family, etc
10. Treatment
    1. 70-80% respond well to stimulants (don’t help with academics), but gains short term
    2. Alot of kids on drugs don’t meet symptoms
    3. Most drugs given out by family doctors, not psychiatrists

Conduct Disorder

1. Bully?
2. Chronic lack of concern for rights of others
3. Diagnostic criteria (3 or more)
   1. Aggression to people and animals (serious aggression, tying animals legs together), including mugging and rape
   2. Distruction of property
   3. Deceitfulness of theft (con games)
   4. Serious violation of rules (like runing away)
4. Generally start early
5. Prognosis
   1. If it starts young -> not so good
   2. If in adolecence -> tend to grow out of it
   3. Tends to lead to antisocial and borderline

ODD

1. Less sevear than CD
2.  You don’t do what people tell you todo
3. Criteria
   1. 6 months of negative, hostile, defiant behavior
4. Early Childhood -> in infancy
5. Comorbid with adhd and CD
6. Higher in boys (3:1), is this really the case? underdiagnosed in girls (mean girls the movie)

Plate techtonics

Plate techtonics -> equivelent of Survival of Fittest in Biology

3 major Boundry Types

1. Ridge
2. Divergent margin
   1. Formation of new oceanic crust by sea floor spreading
   2. Ocean crust -> denser, more mafic, basalt
   3. Extensional Regime, normal faults, shallow seismicity
   4. High Heat flow, decompression melting
   5. Intrusive igneous -> gabbro and basalt (essp. pillow basalts)
   6. Highly fractured rocks -> alot of water goes through -> causes differences in carbon weathering
   7. Tends to fault in three geometric paterns (third often failing to spread)
   8. Tends to also have reafs at shelf slope break
   9. Starts by bowing up, then breaking, finally filling with lakes then ocean
   10. Oceanic crust is much thinner than continental crust
3. Convergent Margin
   1. Recycling of old, cool oceanic crust (subduction)
   2. Older = Colder = less boyant
   3. Reverse or thrust faulting
   4. Deep seismicity
   5. Increaed Temp = Partial melting of mafic crust = felsic magma
   6. Compression leads to deformation, metamorphism and mountain building
   7. Water, accumulated in pourse ocean basin
   8. Water brought down into asthenosphere = decreasing melting point = more rising magma = mountain building
   9. Also, happens in Continent Continent collision (India subducting under Eurasia) -> causes deformation = himalias
   10. Also, happens in Ocean Ocean collision -> causes island arc = japan
   11. When passive margin collides, subduction reverses causing forlorn basin (like western interior basin in N. America)
4. Transform margins
   1. No new crust forms
   2. Shear regime -> strike-slip faults, shallow seimicity
   3. San. Andres
5. Hot spots are fixed points, thus things like Hawaiian islands, show direction and rate of plate movement
6. Magnetic liniations -> lavas on land dated, and reversal history -> reversal history matched to magnetic liniations, giving us time frames

Driving Forces

1. Mantal Convection (differences in heat)
2. Ridge push or slab pull? -> slab pull is thermal model, push is topographic model
3. Subducted material goes down to the core mantel boundry
4. Icehouses and Greenhouses, match up with rates of volcanism
5. The Wilson Cycle (200my cycle), length of ocean basins determains CO2 levels

Implications

Review

Rogers

1. Real self vs Ideal-self
2. Conditions of worth, seperate the two
3. The incongruence causes anxiaty

Pain Disorder vs Somatization (Somatization has certian requirements)

Schizophrenia-> second work on negative side effects

Delusions are beliefs, hallucination are sensory experiences

Hypocondriasis -> you believe you’re suffering from
PHA -> Sympathetic nervous system arousal -> fight or flight all the time
People with low negative affect are ok

If you have high negative affect and…

high positive -> tend to be fine unless you have PHA

Low positive -> depression, also anxiety in PHA

Fear of Fear -> classical conditioning of body sensation with panic attacks (you fear things that happen durring panic attacks)

Stroop study: colored words (pause on bad words) GAD, chronically attuned to thread (works even if flashed too fast to read

GAD -> tend to think the worring is good, leads to hyper vigilance

Expressed emotion -> hostility, criticism, predicts onset of schizophrenia, lower in non-industrialized (schizo happens less)
Balimia -> electrolyte inballance, treat by helping with Coping with emotions (inability to cope leads to binging and purging)

Theories of OCD -> disfunction in acting on impulses, normally acting causes impulse to go away, but OCD has disregulations (its only temporarily reduced)
Negative symptoms are the real problem with schizophrenia, not delusions/hallucinations

Treatment for DID -> either ignore and treat comorbid, or integrate

Schitzoaffective disorder -> trashcan disorder, low reliability

Common treatment for Conversion disorder -> its caused by a stressor, so remove that

Somatic Hallucination -> seeing your fingers falling off

Tardie Disconesia -> Parkensens like side effect of first gen schizophrenia drugs

Marijauna -> increases risk for schitzophrenia, only before 15, (Twice as likely)

Adaptive fear is in proportion to threat, and disapates when threat is gone -> maladaptive is out of proportion and lasts longer
Non-purging balimia -> binge and then starve yourself, or exercise

cytoarchitecture  -> interruption of migration of neurons (by virus or toxin)