Psychosis con’t

Schizophrenia

1. Diagnosis
   1. Atleast two of the following: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms
   2. Impairment in functioning
   3. Atleast six months of symptoms, but acute symptoms for atleast one month
2. Additional Diagnositic issues
   1. Prodromal phase (before): Eccentric, bizzar, but not schizophrenic
   2. Residual symptoms (after): odd, eccentricity, none of the acute symptoms
3. Schizophreniform -> more than one month, less than six
4. Brief psychotic disorder -> more than a day, less than a month
5. Schizoaffective disorder -> schizophrenia and a mood disorder (take your pick)
   1. Meet criteria for mood disorder
   2. Psychotic symptoms in absence of mood symptoms
6. Prognosis -> not great (repeat hospitalizations), after 5-6 years symptoms decrease
7. Role of genes
   1. Diathesis stress model
   2. Communication deviance -> vague, uninterpratable, fragmented
   3. Expressed emotion
8. Statistics
   1. With one parent: 13%
   2. 63% with have no relatives who have had
9. Dopamine Hypothesis
   1. Initial Clues
      1. Thorazine -> reduces dop, reduce acute symptoms
      2. Amphetamines -> increase dop, cause symptoms
      3. Increasing dopamine for parkinson’s -> can cause pyschosis
   2. Explanation of link
      1. Dopamine seems to regulate your ability to pay attention
      2. too much causes Aberrent salience
   3. Where does it come from?
      1. Over production
      2. too little reuptake
      3. not enough deactivation
      4. increased sensitivity
   4. Did spinal tap to find evidence for excess dopamine, which there wasn’t
   5. Back to sensitivity -> presence of D2 receptor (110% more than non-schizophrenic patients)
      1. Could be due to medication use though…
   6. BRAIN SCANS
      1. No evidence for increased sensitivity
   7. Glutamate
      1. PCP blocks Glutamate receptors and causes psychosis, connection?
      2. ketamine -> same thing, but no psychosis in kids, only adults
      3. Reduced functioning of NDMA receptors? (which are sensitive to glutamate)
      4. Reduced functioning also causes Brain Damage (possibly explaining negative symptoms)
   8. Link?
      1. Dopamine inhibits the release of Glutamate (which is why increase causes psychotic symptoms, but schizophrenics don’t have extra dopamine
10. History
    1. 1st generation neuroleptics -> thorazine, haldal
       1. Not great
       2. Akinesia
       3. Akathesis
    2. 2nd generation -> closopene
       1. fewer side effects
       2. wider than just d2 receptors
       3. help with some negative symptoms
       4. still have fatal side effects

Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders

1. Case study: Vertigo
   1. Attacks of dizzieness -> with slight nausia
   2. Every day at 4pm
   3. Husband -> tyrant
   4. Dreaded his arrival
   5. But she’s not faking it
2. Somatoform is a real physiological symptom, with psychological origin
3. Psychosomatic: psychological factors contribute
4. Malingering: deliberate faking to avoid unpleasantness
5. Factitious: deliberately faking to get medical attention (munchausen’s)
6. Somatoform
   1. Symptoms are real
   2. How do you know?
   3. Conversion Disorder -> loss of function in part of body
      1. Testing for conversion paralysis
         1. Drop hand on face (won’t catch with other hand if paralized)
         2. Muscil atrophy (won’t atrophy with with somatoform)
         3. Pin prick (won’t move, but heart rate will increase with somatoform, but not paralysis)
         4. Blindness (eye will follow mirror)
         5. Aphonia (somatoform will cough, if they really have it they won’t, same for crying)
         6. Symptoms will often breifly disapear as you wake up
      2. Treatment
         1. Find what’s causing them stress
   4. Somatization Disorder
      1. Symptoms
         1. Pain (4 areas)
         2. 2 GastroIntestinal
         3. 1 sexual disorder (medical)
         4. 1 neurological
      2. Cultural Differences (schizophrenia is better in non-industrialized, but Somatization is worse)
         1. We’re more open about saying things like stressed out
      3. Grand parents are more likely to somatizise
         1. Less able to express emoations
      4. Family influences -> runs in families, but not genetic
         1. Parents who somatizise neglect children
         2. causes children to model their behavior as attention seeking
   5. Hypochondriasis
      1. Worrying about having a serious disease
      2. Tend to seek help immediately
      3. Dr. Shopping
      4. Tend to focus on one area of body
      5. Disfunctional beliefs about illness (thinking its more common than it is)
   6. Dissociation
      1. Active consciousness: plans, desires, voluntary
      2. Receptive consciousness: hidden observer

Anxiaty

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1. Anxious all the time in all situations
2. More days than not for atleast 6 months
3. A number of events/activities
4. Restlessness, Fitgue -> from muscle tension
5. More common in women 5% (as opposed to 3% in men)
6. OCD
   1. Obession (Persistant and uncontrolible) -> images, ideas or impulses
   2. Compulsion -> behavioral or mental act
   3. Anxiety -> caused by obession or prevented from doing compulsion
   4. Psychotic? no
   5. Common for: Dirty things, Aggression
   6. Compullsions get rid of obession normally
   7. Magical Thinking
7. Cognative theories -> GAD
   1. Worry as effective motivator
   2. Leads to hyper-vigalence
   3. happens on a subconcious level
   4. Use CBT
      1. Challenge thoughts
      2. confront worry
8. Humanists -> Rogers
   1. We all have Organismic Self (true self)
   2. We also have Ideal-self (self-concept)
   3. Conditions of worth seperate True from Ideal
   4. or we have Existential Anxiety
      1. Basic conflict: coming into contact with the givens of existence
      2. Death
      3. Freedom/Responsibility
      4. Existential Isolation
      5. Meaninglessness
      6. Can be empowering
   5. k

Rivers

Hypsometric profile (a significant portion is between 2 and 0 or -4 and -6)

Trenches (found where plate is subducting)

Abyssal planes (Oceanic crust spreading away from trench tword subduction)

Elevation = f(uplift – erosion) or techtonic activity – climate

Both uplift and erosion do about .01 – 10 mm/y

A difference of .5mm/y -> 5 km over 10My

Agents of Sediment removal

1. Glaciers -> not alot of work
2. Streams -> doing alot of work

Hydrologic cycle (Evaporation and Precipitation)

1. Oceans E>P
2. Land P>E

Streams are small (1 bases point) and short lived (2 weeks), but they do all the work

Underground water -> huge amount, flows tword sea, we don’t know alot about it (could be HUGEly important, but noone knows)

Rivers

1. Amazon is in rainforest (hot and wet) so its not a surprise it has a high flux to drain ratio (heat and pressure are the controls on chemical weathering
2. Water Table -> cut off between surface and ground water
3. Laminar flow vs Turbulent flow (laminar is mellow, turbulent causes erosion)
4. Sheet flow vs Channel Flow (sheet is water across land which forms into channels)
5. Controls
   1. Velocity of flow (function of gradiant)
   2. Geometry (depth, shape)
   3. Density and viscosity (almost always water)
   4. Surface roughness (what its moving over)
   5. Infiltration capacity
   6. Pre-existing features (special things)
6. Friction is a good control of velocity
   1. Streams deposit in point bars (where water is slowest)
   2. Flooding causes fine grain to deposit in plane around the river
7. Channel types
   1. Broad and shallow (arid environment, fast, desert flash flood)
   2. Deep and narrow (meandering streams, human enviornment, mostly suspended load, more coheasive soil)
8. Channel Pattern
   1. Proximal, Aird climent, bed load streams
   2. Distal Humid Suspended load
9. Grain size is a function of flow velocity above mud
10. Below sand -> clays stick together acting like larger particals
11. Bedload -> stick to bottom, move through rolling, sliding, saltation
    1. Creates bedform
    2. size of particals = competence, controlled by speed
    3. Number of particals = discharge
    4. grains build up in beforms (like sand dunes)
    5. Ripples are 1-3 cm
    6. >3cm = dunes (some times fractals)
    7. Ripples form at low velocity
    8. Dunes at high
    9. Flow Regine concept
12. Suspended load -> carried through turbulation
13. Types of Streams
    1. Aluvial Fans
       1. Poximal
       2. Arid -> High velocity
       3. Intermittant
       4. Immature
       5. Bedload
    2. Braided
       1. Broad Shallow channels (really shallow)->Dominately bedload
       2. Transporting sand
       3. arid to semi-arid->Sparse vegitation
       4. Easily eroded banks
       5. Veriable flow
       6. Course to Medium Grained
       7. Poor to Moderate Sorting
    3. Meandering Stream
       1. Has the cutbank and point bar (one is on the other side of the other)
       2. Fining upword sequance
       3. Oxbow lakes (abandoned loops due to flooding eroading a new path)
       4. Distal, humid,veg, lowlands (veg soils are more cohesive making them harder to erode)
       5. Single deep channel
       6. Constant flow and high velocity
       7. Suspended load
       8. Finer Grained, moderate to well sorted (due to loss of grains because these are distal, sorting is proximal vs distal)
       9. Lateral Acreation surfaces (where you can see the fining process)
       10. Higher sand to mud ratio
    4. Deltas
       1. Stream velocity drops -> as does sediment (both bed and suspended)
       2. Progradation
       3. Characterized by modifier
          1. Delta Dominated by River (Mississippi, litterally pushed out into ocean)
          2. High wave action (barrier islands)
          3. High tidal ranges (pushed back in leaving elongated bars)

Drainage Networks

1. Basins vs Devides
2. Drainage Patterns
3. Landforms -> stream Terraces, incised meanders, etc.
4. Base Level Concept (surface to which erosion is working), below accululation, above erosion

Geologic Time

Hutton -> Lyell + Steno

Uniformitarianism

Laws -> methodological
Process  -> methological

Rate -> substantive

State -> Substantive

Methodological is right, substantive is wrong

Geopetals -> fossils, riple marks, etc

Original Continuity -> strata which are now seperate were originally together

Fossile content allows us todo corrilation

If things crosscut, then they are younger than what they crosscut (duh)

Flow has a vasicular texture on top

a sill has a bake zone on both top and bottom

Index Fossils -> good skelletons

Disconformity -> both erotion and sedement can produce one

Sequance statigraphy (how to subdevide rock record)

Diachroneity ->  same thing two different times
When a basen subsides it sinks

Lithostratigraphy (formal naming of rocks based on their lithological units)

Uranium -> Lead dating

Argon -> Argon dating

Argon doesn’t agree with Uranium

Some fossils are Diachronous

Chemostratigraphy -> use of chemical marker for dating

Planets

1. Move with respect to background -> Word planet comes from greek for “wanderer”
2. planets don’t twinkle

Aristotle (circa 350 BC) -> geocentric model of universe

HW 1 review

f = Sigma ( 0,1,6,8,12) + d(2,3,14,15)    note: think d means either
sop

ab\cd    00    01    11    10

00           0      1      3      2

01            4      5      7      6

11            12    13    15    14

10            8      9      11    10

ab\cd    00    01    11    10

00           1      1       x      x

01                                     1
11            1               x      x
10           1
look for group of 4, top row: a’b’

look for groups of 2, bottom left: ac’d’

middle right: bcd’
pos

ab\cd    00    01    11    10

00           0      0      1      1

01            1      1      0     1

11            1      1       1      1

10            0     0      x      0
4’s: ab’ + b’c’

1’s: a’bcd

f = ab’+b’c’ + a’bcd

switch to products

f = (ab’)’ * (b’c')’ * (a’bcd)’

demorgans again

f = (a’+b) * (b + c) * (a + b’ + c’ + d’)

CMOS

PMOS (fig 1.)

NMOS (fig 2.)

CMOS (fig 3.)

f = a’

a    f    P    N

0    1    1    0

1    0    0    1

either P or N is connected, but not both

F = ab+c

a    b     c    f     P    N

0    0    0   0    0    1

0    0    1    1    1    0

0    1    0    0    0    1

0    1    1    1    1    0

1    0    0    0    0    1

1    0    1    1    1    0

1    1    0    1    1    0

1    1    1    1    1    0

(if f is 1, P is 1, if f is 0, N is 1)

fig 4.

Myths

Szasz’ take

Are there such things as mental illness?

1. Reification -> making something not concrete into concrete (which mental illness isn’t)
   1. Mental disorders are problems in living
2. Mental vs Physical Illness
3. Mental symptoms
   1. Really are attempts to communicate
   2. just unusual
4. Psychiatry is the denial that life sucks
   1. esspecially social relationships
   2. Symptoms are not clear cut (in the eye of the beholder)
5. Choice and Responcibility
   1. People use mental illness to excuse behavior
6. A convenient myth
   1. A conveniant way to explain away social disharmony

Mood Disorders

1. Neurochemical Approaches
   1. too much or too little of neurotransmitter between synapse
   2. Possibly reasons
      1. Possibly a problem with reuptake
      2. Possibly degradation (too much enzyme breaking down neurotransmitter)
      3. Possibly too much or too little synthesis (making new neurons)
   3. Monoamine theories
      1. Neurotransmitters
         1. Seritonine
         2. Dopamine
         3. Norepinepherine
      2. Neurochemical treatment
         1. Tricyclics
            1. 50-60% effective, which is good (placebo is 40%, aerobic exercise is 50%)
            2. 4-8 weeks to kick in, which is bad
            3. side effects, also bad
            4. overdose is only 3 doses, REALLY BAD
         2. MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
            1. inhibits break down of neurotransmitters
            2. if taken with certain foods you die (like aged cheeses, or dried weat, or pastromy)
         3. SSRIs (selective seritonine reuptake inhibitor) and SSNRIs (selective seritonine and norepinepherine inhibitor)
            1. prozac and zolft
            2. still 50%, but in two weeks
         4. Bupropion (acts on norepinepherine)
            1. also effects dopamine
            2. helps with the slow down aspect of despression
            3. fewer sexual side effects
            4. less weight loss
         5. For bipolar
            1. Lithium -> hard to get right dosage, fatal dose not much more than useful dose (only for the manic part)
            2. Anticonvulsants
            3. Antipsychotics (acts on dopamine)
            4. Calcium Channel Blockers
      3. What about the brain -> fmri, catscan
         1. Depression
            1. Decreased activity on the left side of prefrontal cortex (decision making, goals, social)
            2. also in Anterior cingulate (autonomic responses, and others)
            3. also Hippocampus (memory, and fear learning) -> never seems to get better
            4. Amygdala is enlarged (directs your attention to emotionally charged stimula)
         2. ECT
            1. Inducing a brain seizure (usually target left side)
            2. only in cronically suicidal
            3. Used to be used to punish
            4. can cause amnesia (also going forword)
         3. rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation)
            1. side effect: headache (alot better)
         4. Vagus nerve stimulation
            1. sends pulses through vagus nerve to amigdula and hypothalamus
            2. surgically implanted
            3. can cause seizures
      4. What about Genes
         1. polygenic (more than one gene)
         2. only a predisposition
         3. often misunderstood
         4. the odds: (at best 90%)
         5. Family history studies (increased risk, two to three times as family), both gene and enviornment
         6. Twin studies
         7. Serotonin transporter gene (seems to put you at increased risk)
   4. k
2. end

The Moon

Visible phase determained by:

1. Current phase

2. Position of the sun in the sky (time)
3. Position of the moon in the sky

At sunset: full is rising, first quarter is high in the sky, new is setting (third quarter sets at noon)

Moon is offset from Earth Sun by .5*

Orbital plane of moon around earth is different than that of the earth around the sun

Only solar eclipse when phase is new

penumbra = outershadow of moon (only part of the solar eclipse)

umbral shadow = inner shadow of moon (full eclipse) about 300km on earth at a time and never longer than 7 minutes

annular eclipse (when moon doesn’t completely cover the solar disk), umbral shadow is not complete

Lunar eclipse is longer (earth is bigger)

1. Takes hours
2. Penubral shadow has almost no effect
3. At totality, it looks red due to refraction through earth’s atmosphere

Sed Rocks -Con’t

It takes 2 moles to weather ignious rocks, but only 1 mole is returned by the calcium carbonate. So silcate weathering consumes CO2

Lithification process

1. Compaction
2. Dissolution
3. Precipatation
4. Recrystalization
5. Cementation

Facies Concept

1. Unique to where a rock forms
2. Sediment transported to shore line
3. sand facies is very high energy
4. finer grain caries through sand to mud
5. very little carries out to the carbonate faces
6. Sand stone to mud stone to lime stone
7. Facies can only be ontop or below ajacent facies
8. The order in which they’re array’d gives us the sea level history (transgression or Regression)
9. Durring regression erotion takes place

Major depositional environments

1. Weathering and erosion (proximal) -> source rock and climate
2. Transportation and sedimentation (updip to fluvial) -> distance, gradient, energy level (lakes vs river)
3. Shoarline (dunes)
4. Deltas
5. Deep Marine
6. rate of sink matters

Eluvial system

1. Fan (not clay because not enough time) basement stuff (felpars)
2. Braided (broad and wide streams)

Eolian depositis ->

1. fine grained (weathered by wind)
2. between proximal and distal
3. Dunes migrate ontop of eachother

Meandering streams

1. Big and deep
2. flood eluvial vally
3. deposits silt and clay
4. going down: High energy to low energy

Delta

1. Sudden energy drop
2. While global sealevel is rising, the mississippi is regressing because of sedemens
3. Opposite gradiant: find to course grain due to regression

Reaf system

1. Limestones and dolastones (from magnesium from lagoons)
2. Both high and low energy (high from ocean, low from lagoon)

Turbidites

1. Clay -> courser then back to cley suddenly
2. Graded bedding
3. Energy of the flow highest when it gets to the site
4. head of flow is course tail is finer.

Important stuff that didn’t fit anywhere else

1. Lacustrine Deposits: Varves
2. Layering caused by lakes
3. Diagenisis -> everything not metamorphic
4. Basement = Igneous rocks
5. felspar becomes clay, but it takes time

Metamorphic rocks -> represent changes that occer in solid state (prior to melting)

1. Recrystalization
2. Phase changes
3. Neo Crystalization
4. Pressure solution ->the contact (touching point) is desolved between grains
5. Deformation -> contact is not desolved
6. Tend to find them in Precambrian sheilds and occationally folded mountain belts (due to their tectonic activity)
7. Temp, pressure, fluids

Lithosphere goes down into mantal to stenosphere

Depression con’t.

Subtypes and Specifiers

1. With melancholic features -> slowed down, eat less
2. With psychotic features -> delusions and halucinations (connected)
3. With catatonic features -> can’t move, hard time comunicating
4. With atypicial features -> weight gain, heavyness, sensitive to interpersonal rejection
5. With postpartum onset -> rare
6. SAD -> Seasonal Anxiaty Disorder, rare, 2 years in a row, get better when winter is over
7. MDD -> single episode
   1. single MDE
   2. Never manic
   3. Never some other disorder
8. MDD -> recurrent
   1. 2 or more (at least 2 months apart)
9. Dysthymic Disorder
   1. Majority of days, most of day, 2 years or more
   2. Never without for 2 months
10. Gender Difference (not just self report)
    1. Power, status, and trauma
       1. More likely to experience things like, spouce abuse, rape, sexual harassment
    2. Chronic strains -> fewer options in life
    3. Hormones?
       1. Prior to puberty hormones are the same (where the difference spikes)
       2. But no biological evidence
    4. Body image (a puberty women become less thin and men become stronger)
    5. Postpartum -> too small a difference between postpartum and not to explain the difference
    6. PMS -> 5-10% actually have pms, 70+% think they have
    7. Menopause -> completely wrong, even if you take hrt
    8. HPA theories -> Hypothalamus, Patuitary, Adrenal
       1. Early trauma causes deregulation in this system
    9. Self-Concept -> inconsistant
    10. Interpersonal orientation -> approach to relationships
        1. Putting others before yourself
        2. Less likely to get benefits
        3. more likely to lose from ending the relationship
    11. Attachment style
        1. High maintenance
        2. Fishing for compliments
        3. Tends to cause hostility (making the attachment person depressed)
    12. Coping style
        1. Women cope via rumination
        2. less effective than active coping
    13. Integrative Model -> a little from column A, a little from column B

Bipolar Disorder

1. Used to be manic depression
2. Manic part
   1. Unrealisticly positive view of self
   2. Racing thoughts
   3. Pressured speech
   4. Both Euphoria and Irriation
   5. Impulsivity (shopping, gambling, sex)
   6. Big plans
3. Bipolar I
   1. Atleast one manic
   2. followed by major depressive
4. Bipolar II
   1. Major despressive
   2. hypomanic episoid
   3. Hypomania: less intense, tends not to interfere with daily functions (where as manic does)
5. Cyclothymia
   1. Less severe and more chronic
   2. Hypomania and moderate depression
6. Bipolar and Creativity
   1. Mania helps creativity and charisma -> likely
   2. Benefits of depression? maybe
   3. Family study -> creative families have bipolar more than others
7. Avoid romanticizing

Suicide

1. Death seekers -> clearly want to die
   1. Unlikely to fail
   2. plan alot
   3. long time coming
2. Death initiators
   1. Terminally ill
3. Death ignorers
   1. Don’t think death will kill them
   2. Drinking koolaid
   3. Suicide bomber
4. Death darers
   1. Ambilvilant
   2. fail alot
5. Subintentional deaths
   1. Chronically doing things that increase your chances of death
6. If you think someone might kill themselves: ASK THEM
   1. This is not a joke, ask them if you think they might
7. If they try, 50% go on to have a serious attempt