Depression

pseudoscience con’t.

1. Recovered memory therapy, day care sex abuse, MPD (full of shit)
2. What happens to those who stand up? (shunned)
   1. A study showed that sexually abused kids turn out ok
   2. Congress passed resolution against the study
3. Keep an open-mind, but question them too

Despression

1. What good is feeling bad?
2. Why is pain painful?
3. Benefits of jealousy (cuckoldry)
4. Benefits of anxiety (pass up things with immediate reward)
5. Benefits of sadness
6. Is nature overly sensitive? We’re not monkeys anymore
7. we’re not ment to be happy, we’re designed to be alive

Mood Disorders and Etiology

1.  Despression
   1. 60% at some point in their lives
   2. most common in 15-24
   3. Why rare among older adults?
      1. more stable, more coping skills, become less self focus
      2. depressed people are more likely to die before they get old
      3. possibly gets harder to diagnose because you aquire more medical problems
   4. Presentation
      1. Tearfulness
      2. rhumination
      3. aches and pains
      4. Anhedonia (can’t feel happy)
      5. worthlessness/guilt
      6. biased interpretations
      7. Cultural differences?
      8. psychotic symptoms (thinking you’re responsible for all the word’s pain)
      9. Insomnia (more common)/hypersomnia
      10. Appetite changes
      11. Psychomoter changes

Spectrum and Light

Hydrogen Atom

1. Orbitals are quantized
2. First level is ground state
3. Each suceding orbit is higher energy
4. The distance between orbits decreases the further you get out
5. Spontaneous Emission -> when an electron makes a transition the electrion (atom) loses energy in the form of a photon
6. Hydrogen Atoms have a peak at 1216A, the energy difference between first and second orbits
7. Lyman series (transitions to or from first orbit)
8. Balmer Series (transitions to or from higher orbits to or from 2nd) in optical spectrum

Measuring Velocity

1. Dopler effect
2. Tword you = blue shift
3. away = red shift
4. delta lambda / lambda = v /c
5. Only measure Relitive velocity
6. Only measures object moving along line of site

Telescope

2 Level logic

CMOS transmission gate (TG)

Takes both C and C’ and passes them into nmos and pmos allowing the transmission of either high or low

Review: nmos is good at transmitting low and pmos is good at transmitting hight

Practice:

Construct: (cb)’ + (cb)

Minimize: (a + b’)(a’b + cd)’

(a + b’)((a’b)’ * (cd)’)  (demorgans law (ab)’ goes to a’+b’)

(a + b’)(a+b’)(c’ +d’)  (demorgans the squal)

(a + b’)(c’ + d’)  ( aa becomes a)

Product of Sums (two sums being multiplied)

a’b’ + ab = (a+b’)(a’+b)

Shor hand for 2 level logic

sop = sigma(0,1,5)

a    b    c    f

0 | 0  | 0 | 1

0 | 0 | 1  | 1

1  | 0 | 1  | 1

rest are 0

or a’b'c’ + a’b'c +ab’c

pos is pi(3,4) = (a’ +b +c)(a+b’+c’)

Igneous Rocks

Processes

1. Start off in the mantel and move out
2. Two kinds: intrusive and extrusive
   1. Intrusive are under the crust and take long to cool (big crystals)
   2. Extrusive are volcanic and cool quickly (course)
3. All part of the rock cycle
4. Magma and lava – Controls
   1. we can do phase diagrams, except we flip the y-axis to represent depth
5. Sources of heat
   1. Radiogenic decay (biggest)
   2. Impacts (meteorites)
   3. Gravitational Compression
   4. Sinking of Fe Alloys
   5. Tidal Frication
6. To tell heat under the surface we find pressure gradiant and temp at surface and use adiabate to determain heat at depth
7. We can cacluate preasure from gravitation
8. Two melting curves for dry and wet (weather they contain volitiles) effecting how it melts
9. Due to shape of curves decompression of rising magma causes it to melt
10. For main causes of differentiation (the different make ups of igneous rocks from minerals)
    1. Differences in magma sources
    2. Partial melting (gaining bouyancy)
    3. Country rock (picking up shit on the way up), breaks off in xenoliths and melts, or melts on the sides
    4. Fractional crystalization
11. Differentiation tends to be a comparison between high in Fe, Mg (mafic and ultramafic from the mantal from #1-2) to high Si, Al (felsyc from #3-4)
12. Geotherm veries, average of 30*K per km (60*K in a basalt)
13. Minerals – Bowen’s reaction series (melting points of minerals) -> olivine is high quartz is low, Plaglioclase is both
14. Texture -> Rapid cooling is Fine-grained (aphanitic), slow cooling is Coarse grained (phaneritic)
15. Porphyritic is a combination of aphanitic and phaneritic
16. Distribution of igneous rocks
17. Plate techtonic decide spreading of igneous rocks (mafic) through decompression cooling at divergant margins
18. Subduction pulls under contental plates (fasyc) also known as a convergant margin
19. Basaltic volcanism can happen in the contenants due to sufrace composition
20. Caldera = colapsed volcano
21. Snake river plane in Yellow stone demonstraits the movement of plate techtonics (the place of the volcano keeps moving)

Criticism of the DSM

First 15 minutes missed (get notes from Jay)

1. 81 Words. In DSM 2, there were 81 words which defined homosexuality as a mental disorder
2. Because it was a mental disorder, homosexuals were stopped from holding government jobs, security clearences, teaching, or even practicing psychiatry
3. Continued to linger after DSM3

Other Criticisms

1. Reliability vs. Validity
2. Comorbidity and ambiguity
3. Deconstructionist critiques
4. Not scientific
   1. Arbitrariness (line between normal and non-normal)
   2. Author bias (If you look at the people on the committee work for drug companies in their area)
   3. Conflict of interest
5. Intentionally ambigious so that therapists can give diagnoses for insurance reasons
6. Claims to Label disorders not people (which is a huge lie)
7. Acts of Power (not in DSM)
   1. Drapetomania (the mental illness which caused slaves to want to run away -> medical treatment is whipping)
   2. Dysaethesia Aethiopica (the mental illness which causes slaves to not want to work for masters…)
8. Effects on behavior -> self fulfilling prophecy
9. Stigma

On Being Sane in Insane Places

Rosenhan’s Study

1. Do these disorders exist? or are they only in the minds of psychaitrists
2. Had people commited claiming to experience conditions
3. They took notes
4. The patience all figured it out
5. They’re all released with schizophrenia in remission
6. Then he tells them that he’s sending more in (but doesn’t)
7. They finger some people who are currently in
8. Medical false positives
9. Staff behavior
   1. patients powerless
   2. depersonalized (abuse, talked about them like they weren’t there, case history out, no eye contact)

Spitzer’s Critique

1. “detecting the sanity of a pseudopatient”
   1. 3 possible meanings
   2. Recognition that patient no longer showing signs of disturbance?
      1. In remission (their way of saying its fake)
      2. Were they really behaving normally? (wouldn’t they want out?)
   1. Spotting fakers
      1. Malingering
      2. Psychaitrists are not trained to recognize faker
      3. Schizophrenia is the closest to what they presented
      4. Don’t know what they said in interview
   1. Recognition of feigning after admission
      1. Mental illness doesn’t last forever (so thats what sending them home means)

Rosenhan’s Reply

1. People don’t like to hear bad things with no solution
2. The effect of context
   1. Diagnoses weren’t reliable (which because they’re all the same they were)
   2. Term sanity used in context
3. Schizophrenia is incorrect (thus you shouldn’t diagnose)
4. Difference between in remission and sane

The DSM System

1. Multiaxis system (you get a classification for each axis)
2. Axis 1: Major mental disorders, developmental disorders and learning disablities
3. Axis 2: Underlying pervasive or personality conditions (disorders), + mental retardation
4. Axis 3: any nonpsychiatric medical condition
5. Axis 4: psychosocial / environmental problems (family, education, occupation, housing, economic, legal, etc)
6. Axis 5: Global Assessment of Functioning

Pseudoscience

1. Technically Clinical Psychologists are supposed to be Scientist-practitioner
   1. consume and conduct research
2. What we have is: The Gap
   1. We have scientists here and practitioners there
   2. possible reasons: psyD programs (instead of phd), you become a therapist not a scientist
3. Accusation
   1. What does a phd get you?
   2. Syndromophilia

Light

1. Light is a form of electromagnatism
2. Light has both Wave and Particle features (wave particle duality)
3. Photon
   1. A Partical that carries the electromagnatic radiation
   2. Wave length: linear distance between two crests of the wave of a photon (lambda)
   3. Frequencey: Number of crests that pass over a unit of time (nu)
   4. A long wave length will have few crests over a unit of time
   5. Wave length and frequency are related by the speed of light: 3×10^5km/s or 3×10^10cm/s
   6. c = lambda * nu (where c is the speed of light)
      1. if lambda goes up then nu goes down (and vise versa)
   7. Visible light has very short wavelengths (on order of angstroms, 4000-7000)
   8. Hertz = one unit per second
   9. The energy of a photon = h*nu (where h is a constant)
   10. Spectrum
       1. Gamma (0 -> .1 A) Harmful, found in nuclear explosions, Very high frequency thus energy
       2. X-rays (.1 -> 100A) Harmful, but not in very small doses
       3. Ultraviolate (100 -> 4000A) Harmful with continued exposure
       4. Visible (4000-> 7000A) Small range from blue (4000) to red (7000)
       5. Infrared (7000A -> 1mm) Skin feels as heat
       6. Microwave (1mm-> 10cm) Like a microwave oven (which uses alot of microwave, like a bright light)
       7. Radio (10cm -> infinate) Need long wave length to get through water
   11. S
4. Spectroscopy -> breaking up light into its components (like a prism)
   1. Using this we can plot the intensity of light as a function of wavelength
5. Light can tell us about:
   1. Tempurature
   2. Movement
   3. Conditions
6. Continuos spectrum (all wavelengths in a range)
   1. Stars often aproximate this
   2. Black body object (absorbs all light and reflect none, however does emit its own)
   3. Stars are blackbody because they emit light, but don’t reflect light (the moon does the exact opposite)
   4. The  characteristics of a blackbody is that its tempurature is observable from its spectrum
      1. Plots (wv vs brightness) aproximates poisson distribution
      2. As the object cools, its “peak” moves from ultraviolet to infrared
   5. Higher tempurature emitis more radiation at all wave lengths
   6. Hotter may emit more blue than red (making it look cool) but it still emits more red than the cooler (red) one
   7. Wien’s law (lambda max * T = 2.9×10^7AK)
   8. Humans are 310k so lambda max = 100,000A, making us blackbody in the infrared spectrum (which is why the military likes infrared stuff)
      1. We’re visible in the visible spectrum because we reflect light
   9. Emited by solid, liquid or pressurized gas (star)
7. Absorption line specturm
   1. If we put a cool cloud of gas between a star and ourselves we’ll notice certain wavelengths are missing
   2. Most stars have an atmosphere around them which causes them to apear as an absorption line spectrum
8. Emission line spectrum
   1. Put the same gas agains the background of the universe we’ll see only certain lines
   2. These lines are the same lines which were absorbed when we looked at the sun through said gas
   3. These are due to electrons absorbing photons an jumping up into higher orbitals (thus ions absorb and emit differently than once with full valiance shells)
9. 90% of the universe is made of H, so we talk about that alot

Minerals

Carbon Cycle con’t.

1. Carbon Cycle interacts with not just atmosphere but ocean and earth levels.
   1. Caronate rock weathering -> CO2 is absorbed by the rock into ions in the ocean -> this CO2 is later returned
   2. Silcate rock weathering -> CO2 is absorbed by silcate rocks -> Only half of this CO2 is later returned
      1. Silicate rock weathering reduces
2. Rock Cycle
   1. Magma comes up
      1. forms in the core: Intrusive
      1. forms at the surface: extrusive
   2. Weathered at the surface -> transported, deposited
      1. forms sediments
   3. Sediments are heated into metamorphic rock
3. 3 kinds of rocks
   1. Igneous -> unorganized crystals
      1. crystal growth stopped by the growth of other crystals
   2. Sedimentary -> sandish
      1. Rounded (worn down) -> different sizes because of different levels?
   3. Metamorphic -> organized non-crystals
      1. flattened and uniform direction (perpendicular to the source of force)
4. Goldilocks Principle -> First three rules of heat/realistate -> CO2, CO2, CO2
   1. CO2 concentration is modulated
   2. Carbon cycles because earth has an active plate tectonic system

Minerals

1. Interfacial angles are important
2. Can have defined, specific, invariable chemical formula
3. Can Have a range of possible chemical formula (Illite)
4. Five different ways they form:
   1. One I missed
   2. Percipitate
   3. Solidsate fussion
   4. Bio mineralization -> animals secrete Calcite and Aragonite
   5. Fumeralic mineralization -> vulcanization
5. Uhedral vs AnHedral (unlimited vs limited in growth)
6. Bragg’s law = X-Ray Diffraction to determain crystal type
7. crystals can have defects -> Steve Jacobson
8. Compesition of the Core
   1. Meteorites
   1. Density Simulation
   1. High pressure density experiments
9. Most abundant elements
   1. Whole earth: Fe, O Si, Mg (Ni, S, Al, Na, Ca, K)
   2. Surface: O, Si, Al, Fe, (Mg, Ca, K, Na)
10. Major mineral groups
    1. Silicates (SiO4)-4
    2. Carbonates CaCO3
    3. Oxides Fe2O3
    4. Sulfides FeS2
    5. Halides NaCl
    6. Sulfates CaSO4
    7. Native elements Au, Ag, Cu
    8. Anionic classification (classified by anions)
11. Silicates
    1. Shape
       1. Isolated tetraherdra (high melting points)
       2. Chains
       3. Sheets
       4. 3-D (low melting points)
    2. Ferromagnaesian (darker denser) vs NonFerromagnesian (lighter and less dense)
12. When you weather granite you produce:
    1. Quartz (in equilibrium) breaks up but stays intact as Quartz in beaches
    2. Feldspar (out of equilibrium) and degrades into clays
13. Briditites comes up to form Basalt
14. Granite comes up to form Sandstones and Clays

Overview

Scales of Measurement

Earth Systems

1. Two engines
   1. Sun
   2. Core
2. Plate techtonics
   1. heat wells up and is carried under contenants (subduction)
3. Sun’s luminocity: gets hotter over time
   1. Old earth cold (look at mars)?  No ->  green house gasses (look at venus)
   2. CO2 removed from old atmosphere
   3. Goldilocks effect
4. Earth’s interior
   1. Density control -> denser matter nearer to center (iron and metal oxide)
5. Orbital characteristics
   1. Seasonality -> tilt in axis in rotation
6. Atmosphere -> radiative effect (trapping infrared)
7. Climate -> average temp = 15 *C (1*F at the equator = 12*F at the poles)
8. Circulation
   1. two deep places of water near the poles
   2. Sea Ice formation -> denser (colder) water
9. Internal Earth
   1. Heat
   2. Mantal convection
   3. Plate techtonics
10. Rock Cycle

Earth System

1. Open System ( energy and mass transfer)
2. Reserviors
3. Fluxes
4. Residence times
5. Origin -> observation of other systems in formation
6. Inner (terrestrial) planets
7. Outer (jovian) planets colder, gassier
8. Collision of newly formed earth
9. Radioactive decay heats interior
   1. 40K => 40Ca => 40AR
10. Pangea
    1. Mountains across contenants
    2. fossils on different contenants
11. Submarine warfair of ww2 = better understanding of plate techtonics
12. Movement of plates determain placement of contenants
13. Passive margin (easter US) vs Active margin (which causes subduction)
14. Contenants pushed apart by plate techtonics and brought together by subduction
15. Water moves perpendicular to the wind (creating the gulfstream effect)
16. 1sv = 10^6 m^3/s
17. Gulfstream heats europe
18. 100ppm = 42% change of glaciars

History of Psychopathology

Mind Body Dicotemy: Descarte

Supernatural Tradition

1. Battle between good and evil
2. Witchcraft, exorcism
3. Charles VI
   1. Fucking nuts
   2. they cut holes in his head
   3. might have had: DI psychophrenia, inseflitious, porfuria
4. Moon and Stars
5. Mass Hysteria

Biological Tradition

1. Hippocrates and Galen
   1. Treat like any other
   2. comes from brain
   3. humoral theory
   4. hysteria -> if you’re not making babies
2. Syphilis -> Malarial treatment
3. John Grey -> insanity due to a physical causes
4. New biological treatments
   1. insulin, ECT
   2. Neuroleptics, benzodiazapines
5. Kraepelin
   1. Dementia Praecox -> psychophrenia

Psychological Tradition

1. Moral Therapy
   1. Pinel, Tuke, Rush
2. Decline of moral theorapy
   1. Dorthea Dix -> mental hygiene
3. Early psychoanalytic
   1. Mesmerism
   2. Charcot, Freud, Breuer
      1. People talked about troubles while under hypnosis
      2. Catharsis
      3. unconcious -> dream analysis and free association
4. Deinstitutionalization
   1. Medications
   2. Need for humanitarian treatment
   3. Civil rights
   4. Financial concerns
5. Managed Care
6. Recent developments
   1. Biopsychosocial model

Diagnosis and Labeling

1. Classical/pure categorical approach
   1. tangible underlying issue
   2. each disorder is unique
2. Dimensional approach
3. Prototypical approach

Reliability and Validity of Diagnosis

1. Reliability: Degree to which measurement is consistant and can be reproduced
2. Validity: Does it measure what it’s supposed to measure

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